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<title>Pygostyle</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pygostyle</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pope's nose" redirects here. It may also refer to the licence plate light on early <a href="Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetles</a>.</div>

<p><b>Pygostyle</b> is a skeletal condition in which the final few <a href="Caudal_(anatomical_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal (anatomical term)">caudal</a> <a href="Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebrae</a> are fused into a single <a href="Ossification" title="Ossification">ossification</a>, supporting the tail <a href="Feather" title="Feather">feathers</a> and musculature. In modern <a href="Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, the <a href="Rectrices" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectrices">rectrices</a> attach to these. The pygostyle is the main component of the <b>uropygium</b>, a structure colloquially known as the <b>bishop's nose</b>, <b>parson's nose</b>, <b>pope's nose</b>, or <b>sultan's nose</b>. This is the fleshy protuberance visible at the posterior end of a <a href="Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> (most commonly a <a href="Chicken" title="Chicken">chicken</a> or <a href="Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">turkey</a>) that has been dressed for <a href="Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a>. It has a swollen appearance because it also contains the <a href="Uropygial_gland" title="Uropygial gland">uropygial gland</a> that produces <a href="Preen_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Preen oil">preen oil</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div>

<p>Pygostyles probably began to <a href="Evolution" title="Evolution">evolve</a> very early in the <a href="Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period, perhaps 140 – 130 million years ago. The earliest known <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a> to have evolved a pygostyle were members of the <a href="Confuciusornithidae" title="Confuciusornithidae">Confuciusornithidae</a>. The structure provided an evolutionary advantage, as a completely mobile tail as found in species such as <i><a href="Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i> is detrimental to its use for flight control. Modern birds still develop longer caudal vertebrae in their <a href="Embryo" title="Embryo">embryonic</a> state, which later fuse to form a pygostyle.

</p><p>There are two main types of pygostyle: one, found in Confuciusornithidae, <a href="Enantiornithes" title="Enantiornithes">Enantiornithes</a>, and some other <a href="Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> birds, as well as in some <a href="Oviraptorosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviraptorosaur">oviraptorosaurs</a> like <i><a href="Nomingia" title="Nomingia">Nomingia</a></i>, is long and rod- or <a href="Dagger" title="Dagger">dagger blade</a>-like. None of the known fossils with such pygostyles show traces of well-developed rectrices. The tail feathers in these animals consisted of <a href="Down_(feather)" class="mw-redirect" title="Down (feather)">downy</a> fuzz and sometimes 2–4 central "streamers" such as those found in some specimens of <i>Confuciusornis</i> or in <i><a href="Paraprotopteryx" title="Paraprotopteryx">Paraprotopteryx</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-clarkeetal2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarkeetal2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>By contrast, the function of the pygostyle in the <a href="Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a> <i>Nomingia</i> is not known. It is notable however that its older relative <i><a href="Caudipteryx" title="Caudipteryx">Caudipteryx</a></i> had no pygostyle but a "fan" of symmetrical feathers which were probably used in social display. Perhaps such ornaments were widespread in <a href="Caenagnathoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Caenagnathoidea">Caenagnathoidea</a> and their relatives, and ultimately the oviraptorosaurian pygostyle evolved to help support them. The related <i><a href="Similicaudipteryx" title="Similicaudipteryx">Similicaudipteryx</a></i>, described in 2008, also had a rod-like pygostyle, associated with a fan of tail feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-simili2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simili2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>The other pygostyle type is <a href="Plowshare" title="Plowshare">plowshare</a>-shaped. It is found in <a href="Ornithurae" title="Ornithurae">Ornithurae</a> (living birds and their closest relatives), and in almost all flying species is associated with an array of well-developed rectrices used in maneuvering. The central pair of these attach directly to the pygostyle, just as in <i><a href="Confuciusornis" title="Confuciusornis">Confuciusornis</a></i>. The other rectrices of Ornithurae are held in place and moved by structures called <i>bulbi rectricium</i> (rectricial bulbs), a complex feature of fat and muscles located on either side of the pygostyle. The oldest known species with such a pygostyle is <i><a href="Hongshanornis_longicresta" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongshanornis longicresta">Hongshanornis longicresta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-OGC10_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OGC10-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As evidenced by the <a href="Oviraptorosauria" title="Oviraptorosauria">oviraptorosaurian</a> cases, the pygostyle <a href="Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> at least twice, and rod-shaped pygostyles seem to have evolved several times, in association with shortening of the tail but not necessarily with a retractable fan of tail feathers. In other words, the pygostyles of oviraptorosaurs and <i>Confuciusornis</i> were likely weight-saving measures, and the specialized "true" pygostyles of ornithurans were adapted from these later to improve flight performance.<sup id="cite_ref-clarkeetal2006_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarkeetal2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The bird <a href="Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> <a href="Pygostylia" title="Pygostylia">Pygostylia</a> was named in 1996, by <a href="Luis_Chiappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Chiappe">Luis Chiappe</a>, for the presence of this feature and roughly corresponds to its appearance in the bird family tree, though the feature itself is not included in its definition.<sup id="cite_ref-Chiappe1997_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiappe1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, <a href="Jacques_Gauthier" title="Jacques Gauthier">Jacques Gauthier</a> and <a href="Kevin_de_Queiroz" title="Kevin de Queiroz">Kevin de Queiroz</a> (2001) re-defined Pygostylia to refer specifically to the <a href="Apomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Apomorphy">apomorphy</a> of a short tail bearing an avian pygostyle.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/pygostyle" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/pygostyle">pygostyle</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<p>"Pygostyle" is formed from <a href="Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> words, literally meaning "rump pillar".

</p><p>The insulting equation of the pygostyle with the noses of dignitaries dates back to 18th century Britain where <i>pope's nose</i> first appears (in 1786). The form <i>parson's nose</i> appears much later, dated to 1839. The usage is somewhat dependent on either a Catholic or Protestant viewpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The forms <i>bishop's nose</i> and <i>sultan's nose</i> are 20th century variants.

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<p><b>Turkey tail</b> or <b>turkey butt</b> has an international exportation market in places such as <a href="Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, and <a href="Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>. The turkey tail is commonly exported from America because it is considered unhealthy and cut off the normal turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-JPE_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPE-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War II, cheap imported turkey tails became popular in Samoa. Because the cut has a very high fat content, it was banned from 2007 to 2013 to combat obesity, only allowed back when Samoa joined the World Trade Organization. The meat is otherwise used in <a href="Pet_food" title="Pet food">pet food</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-clarkeetal2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clarkeetal2006_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clarkeetal2006_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke <i>et al.</i> (2006)</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFXuZhengYou2010" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, X.; Zheng, X.; You, H. (2010). "Exceptional dinosaur fossils show ontogenetic development of early feathers". <i>Nature</i>. <b>464</b> (7293): <span class="nowrap">1338–</span>1341. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.464.1338X">2010Natur.464.1338X</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08965">10.1038/nature08965</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20428169">20428169</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205220207">205220207</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-OGC10-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OGC10_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorGao,_K.-Q.Chiappe,_L.M.2010" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connor, J.K.; Gao, K.-Q.; Chiappe, L.M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/462280__920289337.pdf">"A new ornithuromorph (Aves: Ornithothoraces) bird from the Jehol Group indicative of higher-level diversity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. <b>30</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">311–</span>321. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JVPal..30..311O">2010JVPal..30..311O</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724631003617498">10.1080/02724631003617498</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53489175">53489175</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Chiappe1997-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chiappe1997_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChiappe1997" class="citation journal cs1">Chiappe, L. (1997). "The Chinese early bird <i><a href="Confuciusornis" title="Confuciusornis">Confuciusornis</a></i> and the paraphyletic status of Sauriurae". <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 37A. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.1997.10011028">10.1080/02724634.1997.10011028</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greensdictofslang.com/entry/jtqckrq#dvxivfy">"Green's Dictionary of Slang"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-JPE-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JPE_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2014" class="citation journal cs1">Singer, Merrill (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jpe.library.arizona.edu/volume_21/Singer.pdf">"Following the turkey tails: neoliberal globalization and the political ecology of health"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Political Ecology</i>. <b>21</b>: <span class="nowrap">436–</span>451. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPolE..2121145S">2014JPolE..2121145S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2458%2Fv21i1.21145">10.2458/v21i1.21145</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Siegel2013" class="citation news cs1">Robert Siegel (2013-05-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=182568333">"Samoans Await The Return Of The Tasty Turkey Tail"</a>. NPR.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFClarkeZhouZhang2006" class="citation journal cs1">Clarke, Julia A.; Zhou, Zhonghe; Zhang, Fucheng (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2100246">"Insight into the evolution of avian flight from a new clade of Early Cretaceous ornithurines from China and the morphology of <i>Yixianornis grabaui</i>"</a>. <i>Journal of Anatomy</i>. <b>208</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">287–</span>308. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2006.00534.x">10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00534.x</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2100246">2100246</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16533313">16533313</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00534.x">Electronic Appendix</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHeWangZhou2008" class="citation journal cs1">He, T.; Wang, X.-L.; Zhou, Z.-H. (2008). "A new genus and species of caudipterid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of western Liaoning, China". <i>Vertebrata PalAsiatica</i>. <b>46</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">178–</span>189.</cite></li></ul>

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